Once ignored minorities can now be seen and heard

A minority is more than a statistical count. Under international law, minorities are recognised as non-dominant groups within a State whose members share ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics, possess a sense of solidarity, and seek to preserve their distinct identity.

Kenya's Constitution sharpens that understanding. Article 260 defines marginalised communities as those which, owing to historical, geographical or cultural circumstances, have been unable to participate fully in the integrated social and economic life of the nation.

It also recognises marginalised groups comprising individuals who have experienced discrimination on grounds such as race, sex, ethnic origin, age or disability. Article 56 further obligates the State to implement affirmative action programmes that expand opportunities in governance, education and employment, protect cultural heritage, and improve access to infrastructure and essential public services.

Across the world, minority communities often face similar challenges. Limited access to public services, barriers to participation in decision-making, inadequate recognition of cultural identity and unequal economic opportunities continue to constrain their ability to realise their full potential.

Kenya has experienced many of these realities. Pastoralist and hunter-gatherer communities, including the Ogiek, Maasai, Sengwer and Endorois, have encountered challenges relating to land, conservation and livelihoods. Stateless communities bore perhaps the greatest burden. For generations, the Makonde, Shona, Nubians, Tswaka Wakivundi and others lived in Kenya, contributed to its development, yet lacked full legal recognition, limiting access to identification documents, education, land ownership and political participation. Even after the promulgation of the Constitution in 2010, the absence of a comprehensive policy framework slowed the full realisation of Article 56.

The government has placed renewed emphasis on translating these constitutional commitments into practical outcomes. Through the Executive Office of the President, minority and marginalised affairs have become an integral part of the national development agenda, with a deliberate focus on strengthening institutions, improving coordination and ensuring that no community is left behind.

A major milestone has been the development of Kenya's first National Policy on Minorities, Indigenous and Marginalised Communities, anchored in Articles 10, 56 and 260 of the Constitution. This was not merely a desk exercise. Extensive consultations were undertaken across the country to ensure that the Policy and the Ethnic Minorities and Marginalised Communities Bill, 2025 reflect the lived realities and aspirations of the communities they serve. Together, these instruments provide a coherent framework for recognition, protection and participation while strengthening institutional accountability.

The government has also addressed one of the longstanding challenges to inclusive planning: the absence of reliable data. A nationwide mapping exercise identified more than 60 minority and marginalised communities across over 30 counties, supported by structured criteria for recognition and technical methodologies developed by dedicated working groups. This evidence now provides a stronger basis for planning, resource allocation and access to education, healthcare, housing, employment and other public services.